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A crossbow is a weapon that is a bow equipped with mechanisms for cocking and releasing the bowstring. A crossbow, as a rule, was superior to a conventional bow in accuracy and killing power, but it was much inferior in rate of fire. Bolts were used to shoot crossbows — special crossbow arrows that were usually thicker and shorter than bow arrows, and sometimes bullets. In the war, both hand crossbows and their enlarged versions were used, mounted on machines (which were often movable); such crossbows were called balists.

A bolt from a light crossbow could have a weight of 50 g and an initial velocity of up to 70 m / s. Such bolts flew for 250 meters and were dangerous up to 150 meters, with chain mail penetrating from 80 meters, and armor made of leather and iron penetrated nearby. Bolts of the most powerful lever designs (for example, from a gastrofeta) pierced a bronze cuirass from 50 meters.

In 1139, the Second Lateran Council (also called the Tenth Ecumenical Council) was held, at which it was decided to ban the use of crossbows by Christians against Christians. Pope Innocent II condemned crossbows and said that these weapons were repugnant to God and unacceptable for Christians to use. Pope Innocent III, in turn, confirmed this ban a few years later, probably due to the fact that the crossbow enabled commoners to effectively fight the cavalry.



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