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Army

Gnome/Army

Human/NapoleonicWars-Soldier!-Army

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Shooter/BigGun/Army-Insomnia-by-MikhailBorulko

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Army

In primitive society, the people and the army were identical concepts. All free male persons capable of carrying weapons were warriors. But the specialization of occupations that accompanied the transition of peoples to a settled state, the special nature of the development of culture and the main features of the political structure of emerging states had an irresistible influence on the military organization of peoples.

In Ancient India and Ancient Egypt, warriors formed special hereditary castes. The military structure of Sparta had the same caste character, but here the military caste consisted of the entire people (Dorians). In Sparta, the right to arms belonged only to the Dorians; the rest of the free population (Periecs and Helots) could only be called to arms.

In Athens and other ancient Greek republics, the armed forces of the state were composed of free citizens. Since citizens were called to arms only in the event of war, the armed forces of these republics had the character of civilian militias. Permanent troops in these states were available in very small numbers and were intended in peacetime mainly for the security service, which at the same time served as a preparatory military school for young men.

However, as the duration of the wars increased and the fighting spirit among the people declined, the civilian militia of the Greek republics was gradually replaced by mercenaries, who became the main material for recruiting the army. In Carthage, however, mercenary activity became a necessary consequence of the small number of natural citizens who concentrated all their interests on extensive trade; the accumulation of huge capitals made it possible for this republic to buy military forces not only in Africa, but also in most of Europe.

In ancient Rome, the right to bear arms belonged to all citizens, both patricians and plebeians; in the event of war, the army was formed either by another tribe or the entire people, in its entirety. When, later, instead of dividing the people into tribes, it was decided, at the suggestion of Servius Tullius, to divide them into classes according to qualification, that is, according to the amount of income, the poorest citizens were freed from the obligation to perform military service and were called to arms only in case of extreme necessity, and received a certain remuneration from the government for their time under the banners. Ancient Rome at that time did not know permanent troops; its citizens took up arms only in case of war and disbanded after the conclusion of peace. The army of the ancient Romans thus had the character of a national militia.

The incessant wars waged by Rome soon changed Servius' military structure. It underwent a radical transformation under Maria, whose victories in the Yugurt War created an extremely popular position for him in the state. His recruitment of the army with hunters, and moreover mainly from the poorest classes of the population — the proletarians — not only sharply separated the military structure of the state from the civilian one, but also contributed to the formation of a special military class for whom war became a profession. The consolidation of citizens who joined the ranks of the army for the entire duration of the war, along with internecine wars that lasted for about 20 years, led to the banners of a huge number of people who, having become accustomed to combat life, provided ready-made material for the formation of a standing army.

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